Os
connectives ligam as frases, os períodos, as orações e os parágrafos para
estabelecerem conexões de ideias. É importante conhecê-los a fim de interpretar
bem os textos e não perder pontos na prova. Se você desconhecer o sentido de um
deles, poderá não compreender bem as ideias do texto. Há também questões que
cobram o significado de um connective, ou ainda, pedem para que você o
substitua por outro com a mesma acepção.
Para
você entender melhor o que eu quero dizer:
I have just had
dinner, but I am still hungry.
O
“but” traz uma ideia de contraste e aponta para a parte do texto que realmente
importa: Eu ainda estou com fome. Eu sugiro que você sempre leia com cuidado as
orações do texto que vem seguidas de uma conjunção porque elas sempre contêm
uma informação que com certeza vai fazer toda a diferença na interpretação do
texto.
Há
uma quantidade enorme de connectives. Eles incluem as conjunctions, alguns
adverbs, algumas prepositions e os pronouns. Nesse post, vamos nos concentrar
naqueles que indicam concessão/contraste por serem considerados mais difíceis
pelos alunos.
Vamos começar
com :
although,
though, even though, despite, inspite of
(apesar)
São
usados em orações subordinadas.
Although it
rained a lot, we enjoyed our vacation.
She hasn´t
called even though she said she would.
Though the
weather was bad, the ship departed.
Despite
e in spite of têm o mesmo significado de although, though e even though, mas o
uso é diferente. Eles não podem vir seguidos de uma oração. Devem ser acompanhados
de uma forma com -ing ou de sintagma nominal.
In spite of
being a millionaire, he lives quiet modestly.
Despite the
doctor´s advice, he played tennis last week.
Observações:
1)Though
pode ser usado em orações coordenadas. Nesse caso tem uma ideia de contraste e
é mais usado no final da frase.
Cats make me
sneeze; I love dogs, though.
2) Although,
though (sem estar no final da frase), even though, despite, in spite of nem sempre
podem ser substituídos por but. A troca pode acarretar mudança de
sentido na frase.
Perceba
a diferença:
I would follow
you anywhere in the world you´d care to go although/even though /though I don´t
trust you. (o autor
desconfia da pessoa, mas vai seguí-la de qualquer forma)
I would follow
you anywhere in the world you´d care to go, but I don´t trust you. (o autor não seguirá a pessoa porque
tem uma desconfiança muito grande).
3) Although and though com o significado de ´but
it is also true that`
Quando
a oração iniciada com although ou though vem depois da oração principal, essa
oração pode ter o significado de “mas também é verdade que...”
Karen is coming
to stay next week although I´m not sure what day she is coming.
We didn´t make
any profit though nobody knows why.
while, whilst, whereas, in contrast, by
contrast, unlike, in contrast to, on the other hand
São
usados para contrastar duas coisas.
Easy for an
expert, whereas/while/whilst it is dangerous for a novice. (enquanto que)
The average
surface temperature of the moon is -18o C. In contrast/ By contrast the average
temperature of the Earth is +15oC. (contrasta a temperatura da lua com a da terra), (em
contrapartida)
Unlike/ In
contrast to the moon with an average temperature of -18o C, the average surface
temperature of Earth is +15o C.(ao contrário, diferentemente)
My husband
likes classical musisc – I, on the other hand, like all kinds. (por outro lado)
Observações:
1) While/Whilst podem ser usados em
vez de in spite of the fact that, although (embora) no início de uma frase.
While
respected, he is not liked.
I hate violence
but for once, whilst I still didn´t agree with it, I could understand it.
however, but,
still, yet, neverthess, nonetheless
Dão
enfase ao fato que o segundo argumento contradiz o primeiro. Podem ser usados
para concessão.
São
usados em orações coordenadas.
Mary couldn´t
cash her paycheck. However, she managed to buy a new TV set. (entretanto)
Oscar had a
ticket, but he didn´t go to the game. (mas)
You can invite
Carla to the party, but don´t invite her friends.
He is rich.
Still, he leads a miserable life. (ainda assim)
Edison dropped
out at an early age, yet he became a famous inventor. (ainda assim)
Nuclear fusion
produces highly toxic radioactive wastes. Nevertheless/Nonetheless, it produces
no greenhouse gases.
Atenção
As
palavras though, while, still, yet têm outros significados e usos além da ideia
de contraste. Portanto, sempre verifique no texto se elas estão sendo usadas nesse sentido.
Vamos
analisar duas questões de prova:
1)
Escriturário do Banco do Brasil de 2018
In the sentence
of the text “Generally, loan clerks are on the high end of this range,whereas
general office clerks are on the lower end" (lines 78-80), the word
whereas
a) expresses a contrast x
b) highlights a problem
c) imposes a condition
d) introduces an example
e) points out a solution
A resposta é a letra A. Whereas sempre expressa contraste.
Você nem precisaria entender a frase para responder a questão.
2)
Técnico de arquivo do BNDES de 2009
“I had never
thought of archiving websites...”
August 5, 2009
— Following a successful pilot program during the spring of 2008, the Library of
Congress,
Internet Archive and California Digital Library initiated a web archiving
program that explored archiving websites from the perspective of students in
elementary, middle and high schools. Two Library activities supported the
pilot: the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
and the Teaching with Primary Sources program.
The Web
Archiving Program gives students the opportunity to think about history by
selecting sources for ongoing research use. Teens and younger students select
and capture web content using Internet Archive’s Archive-It service, creating
“time capsules” of what is important to them to represent their current lives.
During the
2008-09 school year, students from ten different schools in nine states
participated in the program. Over 1,700 websites and 233 million URLs, or
objects, were collected during the year, totaling 11.7 terabytes of data. The
Internet Archive noted that 96 percent of the websites selected by students
have not been archived by any other Archive-It partner, and 24 percent of the
websites are not in the Internet Archive’s general archive. Examples include
websites for the Iowa Farm Bureau, Women’s Adventures in Science, and How to
Make a Sock Monkey. In total, 68 web collections were created – including a
Dancing Guide and Historical Black College Search collection – and immediately
accessible on the Archive-It website.
Students and
teachers alike found the program eyeopening. Student comments included
“choosing the websites was really fun because it let everyone be creative and
really think about what teenagers enjoy today,” and “I had never thought of
archiving websites, even though in this day and age we use them as much as and
more than books.” Teacher Emily Patterson of George Washington High School in
Charleston, West Virginia said, “I think it was certainly an enriching
experience. I like that it allowed them to see and examine their lives and Internet
content as history in the making.”
“Most of the
decisions being made about what gets archived have been made by adults,” said
Cheryl Lederle, educational resources specialist at the Library of Congress.
“Student users are arguably one of the largest users of the Internet
proportionately, and their voices weren’t being heard.”
The benefits of
their work might not be felt for generations to come, when 21st century
adolescent culture and society are being researched. However, the project has
served as an informative psychological tool to some degree. “We have this image
of kids just going on the Internet and cruising all these sites. The project
has shown that students visit a select number of sites frequently, as opposed
to browsing everything that’s out there. The websites that students put in,
people can research 20 years from now.”
According to Lederle, the variety in the
types of sites chosen by the 10 classrooms has more to do with age than
geography, meaning students in the same age groups are likely to preserve
similar sites.
The student
archive is not being widely used yet, “but by the end of this year we’ll have a
total of 11 partnerships,” Lederle said. That’s “a pretty robust offering, and
then we can step back and see what its value is to researchers.”
Check the only
alternative in which the boldfaced expression does NOT add a contrastive idea
to the sentence.
a) “even though
in this day and age we use them.” (line 35)
b) “… we use
them as much as and more than books.” (lines 35-36) x
c) “However,
the project has served an informative psychological tool.” (lines 49-50)
d) “The student
archive is not being widely used yet,” (line 61)
e) “… ‘but by
the end of this year we´ll have a total of 11 partnerships.’” (lines 62-63)
Como vimos, as
palavras even though, however, yet, but expressam contraste. A palavra yet tem outros usos.
Portanto, seria bom ler bem a frase, e em caso de dúvida reler o trecho do
texto. Relendo o texto, percebemos que a palavra “yet” está sendo usada no seu sentido mais comum (ainda - usado
em frases negativas). O arquivo dos alunos ainda não está sendo amplamente usado. A palavra que vem a
seguir ‘but’ é a que faz o contraste. O arquivo do aluno não está sendo usado
agora (yet), mas (but) .... Então, o yet não está fazendo um contraste e sim o
but. É um advérbio e não uma conjunção.
A opção correta segundo a banca é a letra B.
Realmente, as much as não está sendo usado para expressar contraste na frase em
questão. Ele está sendo usado para comparar duas coisas porque têm algo em
comum. “Nós usamos os websites tanto como os livros. “As much as” tem um segundo significado, não muito usual, que é o de expressar contraste. Um exemplo: As much as I respect him, I
still have to disagree with him on this point. Apesar de respeitá-lo, eu ainda tenho que
discordar com ele nesse ponto. Nessa frase “as much as” poderia ser substituído
por uma palavra como “ even though.” É importante você ler a frase e verificar
se o connective está sendo usado no sentido mais corriqueiro dele ou não.
Parece que até a banca escorregou nisso. A questão, na minha opinião tem duas
respostas corretas a letra B e a letra D e deveria ter sido anulada.
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